Abdominal hernias are a common problem affecting people of all ages. Although in some cases they may be asymptomatic, it is important to recognise the warning signs that indicate the need for treatment. In this post, we explore the most common types of hernias, their symptoms and when surgery is necessary.
1. What is an abdominal hernia?
An abdominal hernia occurs when part of an organ or tissue protrudes through a weak point in the muscular wall of the abdomen. This can cause discomfort and, in more serious cases, complications such as incarceration or strangulation of the herniated tissue.
2. Most common types of abdominal hernias
- Inguinal hernia:
It is the most common type, especially in men. It occurs in the groin when part of the intestine protrudes through the inguinal canal. - Umbilical hernia:
Appears around the navel, most common in infants, pregnant women and people with obesity. - Femoral hernia:
Less common, it occurs on the upper thigh, more common in women. - Incisional hernia:
It develops at the site of previous abdominal surgery due to weakness in the scar. - Epigastric hernia:
Occurs in the upper abdomen, usually formed by fat or intestinal tissue.
3. Symptoms of abdominal hernias
- Visible bulge: A lump in the abdomen, groin or around the navel that may be enlarged by coughing, heavy lifting or straining.
- Pain or discomfort: Feeling of heaviness, burning or discomfort in the affected area.
- Changes with effort: The lump may disappear when lying down and reappear when standing or during physical exertion.
Alarm signals:
- Intense and constant pain.
- Swelling or redness in the area of the hernia.
- Fever or nausea.
- Difficulty in passing or retained gas.
These signs may indicate serious complications such as incarceration (when the hernia cannot be pushed back into the abdomen) or strangulation (when the blood supply to the tissue is compromised).
4. When is surgery necessary?
Surgery is the definitive treatment for an abdominal hernia, especially when:
- The hernia causes pain or interferes with daily activities.
- There is a risk of incarceration or strangulation.
- The hernia continues to grow over time.
Types of surgery:
- Laparoscopic repair: A minimally invasive method using small incisions and specialised tools.
- Open repair: Indicated for large or complex hernias.
The type of surgery is determined by the location, size of the hernia and the patient's specific conditions.
5. Prevention and postoperative care
- Avoid overexertion: Heavy lifting or sudden movements can weaken the abdominal wall.
- Maintain a healthy weight: Obesity increases pressure on the abdomen and promotes the formation of hernias.
- Strengthening exercises: Working the abdominal muscles can prevent future problems.
After surgery, it is essential to follow the doctor's instructions, such as avoiding strenuous activity for the first few weeks and keeping the surgical wounds clean.